Curriculum

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to multivariable calculus and ordinary differential equations through the lens of mathematical modeling and computation. The course begins with the mathematical representation of curves and surfaces using Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical, and parametric forms, followed by the study of smoothness, continuity, differentiability, gradients, directional derivatives, and geometric properties of surfaces. It then develops techniques for measuring geometric and physical quantities, including curve length, surface area, volume, mass, and averages using single, double, and triple integrals.

The course concludes with analytical and numerical methods for solving ordinary differential equations and systems of differential equations arising from real-world applications. Throughout the course, Python-based computational tools are integrated to visualize mathematical objects, perform symbolic and numerical computations, and explore applications in science and engineering.

People move through life accepting what authority figures, books, or media present as true. Educational systems rarely teach rigorous questioning of the knowledge on offer, and unexamined assumptions quietly shape what one perceives, thinks, and does. Five hundred years ago, Europeans believed the earth was flat; for common people and scientists alike, this was not a belief to be questioned but an accepted fact. The history of knowledge is full of such constraints.

This course develops the skill of critical and scientific thinking: examining presuppositions, reasoning from evidence, and building habits of rigorous inquiry. Students learn to identify implicit beliefs, investigate assumptions, and respond to complex problems with greater clarity and intellectual honesty.

Coding Café is a hands-on introductory Python programming course. Students write programs from the ground up, focusing on logic, control flow, data structures, and algorithmic thinking with minimal theoretical overhead. The course prioritizes clarity in problem formulation, code readability, and iterative problem-solving over rote syntax, preparing students for advanced computing courses. Experimentation and ‘fail fast’ iteration are encouraged over memorization; clarity of thinking matters more than syntax perfection.

This course emphasizes experimentation, play, and iteration over memorization. Students are encouraged to explore and fail fast during labs; clarity of thinking matters more than syntax perfection.

Fundamentals of Computational Thinking is an introductory course for first-semester undergraduate students at Plaksha. It introduces programming and builds foundations in computational thinking and problem solving for advanced work in algorithms and programming, as well as for students pursuing other majors.

Students learn fundamental programming approaches, including conditional branching, iteration, recursion, and exhaustive search, and use them to solve problems. The course uses C and develops programming logic through illustrative problems such as checking whether a string is a palindrome.

This course provides an introduction to computational methods for solving optimization problems. Students develop the vector calculus foundations needed for optimization, explore applications in operations research and engineering, and learn linear programming and constrained optimization techniques. Laboratory work gives students practice applying these methods through projects.

This course introduces students to data science and artificial intelligence. Students work with different types of data, form hypotheses and regression models, learn the foundations of intelligent systems, and study techniques for building them. The course also surveys AI areas such as natural language processing and robotics.

Taking a design-centered approach to solving problems and developing technology-driven ideas in entrepreneurial settings, this course introduces core design thinking principles and their application to the creation and implementation of solutions. Tools are provided to navigate each stage of the design thinking process. Through project-based learning and real-world case studies, students gain practical insight into how the methodology fosters innovation and user-centric thinking.

This course introduces the fundamental principles of statics, electrical circuits, and mechatronics that form the foundation of modern engineering systems. Students will develop analytical and practical skills for modelling, analyzing, and designing systems that integrate mechanical and electrical components.

• Statics topics:  Adding vectors, components, unit vectors, dot product, cross product with drawings, components and computers; Free-Body Diagrams, force and moment balance for a particle, a rigid object, trusses, mechanisms and frames.
• Circuits topics: Voltage, current, Kirchhoff’s laws, analysis of resistor circuits, Wheatstone bridge, Thevenin and Norton Equivalent circuits, diodes, op amps, instrumentation amps,  simple sensors.
• Mechatronic topics:  Magnets and electromagnets, motors, commutation, strain gauges, force and distance measurement, transmissions, energy conservation and energy loss.

In the Fundamentals of Economics course, we develop models of how households make consumption decisions and then aggregate those results to the market level. We then turn to the supply side of markets, engaging in a detailed investigation of how firms make production decisions. Next, we combine demand and supply to understand how prices of goods are determined in perfectly and imperfectly competitive markets. The course will take a closer look at economic notions of efficiency, and the ever-present tradeoff between efficiency and equity. We will also take time to consider fundamentals of utility, game theory, and market failures – such as externalities (e.g. air pollution). This is important for understanding how demand and supply is derived for various goods and services and how changes in our environment (man-made or natural), can impact the magnitude and distribution of well-being.

In addition to understanding analytical models in Microeconomics, we will turn to Fundamentals of Macroeconomics. This is the study of the economy, focusing on large-scale economic variables such as national income, overall output, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. It examines how aggregate demand and supply interact to determine the performance of an economy, and how fiscal and monetary policies influence these dynamics. Studying macroeconomics is vital for making sense of real-world issues like financial crises, inflationary pressures, and global trade dynamics. Topics in macroeconomics that will be covered include measuring the national income and cost of living, unemployment, the open-economy model, and the trade-offs between inflation and unemployment.

The broad goal of The Innovation Lab and Grand Challenges (ILGC) course is to enable students to observe, relate to, and solve societal challenges in a sustainable manner using the technical and engineering skills they will learn concurrently in other courses. These challenges may be drawn from their surroundings, including

• the campus where they will live for the next four years,
• the place they belong to: their city, town, village, state, or country, or
• global challenges identified through competitions and other opportunities they may aspire to pursue.

The course explores how simple observations can lead to ideas, solutions and ultimately products that address real-world problems. Through these success stories, students engage in discussions on empathy, observation, problem-solving techniques, lateral thinking and teamwork. The course also acts as a catalyst, encouraging students to identify and address similar opportunities and challenges in their own surroundings.

Building on the empathy, observation, lateral thinking, and teamwork developed in ILGC-I, this course focuses on breaking down complex societal challenges into specific, actionable problems, and identifying context-appropriate solutions. Students begin by examining campus-based gaps and proposing executable solutions, using tools such as gap analysis, root cause analysis, semi-structured interviews, and focused group discussions to gather primary data on underlying issues. A four-week summer community attachment follows, where students engage in hands-on work to identify real-world grand challenges across diverse contexts. Through the semester, students work both individually and in teams, culminating in an exhibition that presents the observed challenge, its root causes, and proposed solution(s).

Building on the foundational knowledge and exploratory skills from previous semesters, this course engages students with the complexities of grand challenges. Students brainstorm solutions to identified problems and evaluate their social and financial viability. The course emphasizes problem framing, perspective taking, negotiation, social and financial viability checks, and the application of learned concepts through active class discussion.

Designed for first-year undergraduate engineering students, this course develops foundational communication competencies through structured practice in reflection, presentations, conversations, and teamwork. It introduces communication as an essential engineering capability, enabling students to think critically, communicate clearly, collaborate effectively, and reflect on their own growth from the outset of their university journey.

Engineering graduates consistently face a gap between technical ability and communication skills, one that limits their capacity to collaborate and lead. This course addresses that gap by building cognitive, linguistic, and foundational communication skills, such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing, that are rarely part of a standard engineering curriculum.

Reading skills developed in the course equip students to locate relevant information, engage with current developments, and acquire new knowledge in a rapidly evolving field. Writing skills enable students to identify debates, articulate viewpoints, and produce clear, coherent academic papers; competencies that transfer directly to professional contexts. The course follows a transdisciplinary approach; writing assignments are completed in collaboration with other courses.

This course introduces robotics and cyber-physical systems through hands-on lab activities, assignments, projects, and guest lectures spanning research and practice. Topics include sensors and actuators, system modelling, kinematics, dynamics and controls, perception, planning and navigation, cyber-physical systems, communication, and hardware. Students graduate from the course able to design, build, and evaluate simple robotic and cyber-physical systems.

This comprehensive course on Probability and Statistics integrates theory with hands-on Python programming. Topics cover descriptive methods, probability concepts, random variables, statistical distributions, joint densities, sampling methods, and the Central Limit Theorem. Advanced modules address hypothesis testing, p-values, and statistical inference. Lab sessions build practical skills in data visualization, simulation, and implementation of probability rules. Students leave equipped to model uncertainty and draw informed conclusions from data in diverse contexts.

Students learn to build devices that use sensors and actuators controlled by a microprocessor. The course uses the Arduino "ecosystem" with a Raspberry Pi Pico computer, paired with sensors, lights, and motors, enabling students to build machines that can sense, think, and act.

This course offers an exploration of the remarkable machinery shaped by nature, spanning from human organ systems down to the intricate world of cells and genetic material. The course consists of four modules: Human Physiology, Fundamental Biology, Immunology, and The Science and Art of Biomimicry. In the Human Physiology module, learners will gain insight into the functionality of different organ systems and their regulation, essential for maintaining optimal bodily function. Moving on to the Fundamental Biology module, we take a deep dive into the mesmerizing micro and nano machinery present within cells and biomolecules. In the module on Immunology, we explore the intricate defence mechanisms that safeguard the human body. Finally, in the module on Biomimicry, we engage in captivating discussions about real-world design and engineering solutions, all inspired by natural designs. By the end of the course, the students will have a comprehensive understanding on the different mechanisms by which natural systems operate and will be able to connect these concepts and relate them to real world applications.

Building on Computational Thinking, this course develops students' ability to apply Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) principles through problem-solving using common data structures and algorithms. Topics covered include:

• Principles and application of OOP.
• Program complexity, recursion, and proofs by induction.
• Common data structures and algorithms, and their applications.
• Comparative analysis of data structures and their optimality.

What is technology? An instrument, a phone, a rocket, an electric car? An idea? A particular way of knowing the world? And what is its relationship to society: does technology shape society, or does society shape technology, or does that framing itself need to be rethought?

This course rigorously enquires these questions through the perspectives of philosophy, history, social anthropology, human evolution, and civilizational studies. Drawing on examples from the past and present, it asks what the relationship between technology and society could look like in the future. Central to the course is understanding technology through a threefold matrix of thinking, knowing and making.

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming every aspect of human life and raising urgent questions about productivity, creativity, employment and sustainability. This course introduces AI to engineering students with no prior experience in the field. It traces the historical evolution of AI, its applications across daily life and industry, and the ethical and environmental implications of its use. Students leave with a grounded understanding of AI terminology, its diverse applications, and the societal responsibilities that come with building and deploying these technologies.

Campus life brings new experiences alongside uncertainty and challenge. Universal Human Values II is designed to help students make sense of both. Over 15 interactive and reflective sessions, students examine the people, habits, and attitudes that have shaped them, develop skills in emotion regulation, and build healthy ways to cope and move forward.

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Biochemistry is a foundational course designed for students pursuing the Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) track and for those interested in careers or higher education in the life sciences. The course introduces the chemical basis of life by integrating the structure, function, and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids with their roles in cellular physiology and human health. Students will develop an understanding of enzyme function, hormones, vitamins, metabolic regulation, and the molecular basis of common metabolic disorders, including diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and inborn errors of metabolism. Laboratory sessions complement the theoretical content by providing hands-on experience in fundamental biochemical techniques, enzyme assays, protein purification, and clinical biochemistry. Throughout the course, students are encouraged to develop scientific reasoning, independent learning, and communication skills through literature-based assignments and seminars.

This course will begin with a brief overview of the origins of bacterial and photosynthetic life, energy flow and form, self-organization, followed by enzyme activities covering thermodynamics, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, inhibition, etc. Various enzyme immobilization approaches, adsorption isotherms, biological growth models (microbial and fungal), biological reactions of various types, and receptor-ligand binding will also be covered. The course includes a chapter on bioreactor design and stability. The theoretical aspects will subsequently be backed by showcasing the applications of these processes.

Basic understanding of cell biology is essential for anyone pursuing a career in the life sciences or related disciplines. Understanding fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, cell division, cell signaling, DNA replication, recombination, repair, autophagy, cell death, and ageing is critical for appreciating the molecular differences between normal physiology and disease. We all know that our DNA carries the genetic code, but few realize how approximately 2.2 meters of DNA is compactly organized within a nucleus that is only about 10–15 μm in diameter. How is DNA packaged without compromising its accessibility? How do DNA replication, transcription, and repair occur within such a confined space? How is the entire genome faithfully duplicated within a limited time during every cell cycle? How do multiple repair pathways cooperate to correct replication-associated errors? Why do defects in these pathways lead to developmental disorders, premature ageing, or cancer? Addressing these questions provides a molecular understanding of how cells preserve genome integrity while maintaining normal cellular function. This course introduces students to the fundamental principles of cell biology and examines how diverse cellular pathways work in concert to maintain homeostasis. It also highlights how disruption of these processes contributes to human disease, providing a foundation for advanced studies in molecular biology, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, and medicine.

Human activities over a period have profoundly altered the balance of planetary health which in turn is directly linked to human health. In recent times there is a global recognition that a balance is needed among global systems of land, air, water and biodiversity to sustain and preserve life. This has been the genesis of studying the interdependencies of human and planetary health. This course will introduce the concept of planetary health, what are the current impacts due to human activities and the solutions to mitigate the risks at local and global levels. The solutions that will help populations with sustainable ways of living will be discussed and exemplified.

This course introduces the principles of Genetics, Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance, elucidates nucleic acids as genetic material of living organisms and role of epigenetics in conjunction with structure and function of genes, chromatin, chromosomes, and genomes. The concept and health implications of population genetics will be discussed. Topics on genetic disorders and cancer genetics will be covered to exemplify the role of genetic mutations in human disease and susceptibility. Evolution of recombinant DNA technologies Next Gen sequencing technology and their applications in multiple avenues related to human and planetary health will be covered. The students will be introduced to DNA and RNA modifying enzymes, and how they are used in PCR (end-point and real time), cloning, and gene editing technologies and other modifications to engineer recombinant DNA molecule, genomic/cDNA and engineered libraries and their applications in human and planetary health. This course examines the evolution of recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and cell and gene therapies within the contemporary healthcare landscape. It explores recent advances in these technologies, their impact on biomedical innovation, and the opportunities for improving their effectiveness, accessibility, and affordability to address global healthcare needs.

The course will outline the basic concepts of devices that integrate one or several laboratory functions on a single chip, their fabrication and how they offer advantages specific to their applications. The program will cover fundamentals of electrochemical (voltametric, amperometric, impedimetric), optical (absorbance, fluorescence, and FRET based) and mass-spectrometry based sensing methods along with basics of nanofabrication for engineering low-cost devices with miniaturization. Low fluid volumes and fundamental of microfluidics that can lead to smaller (biological) samples for diagnostic purposes; influence of the scaling-down of dimensions on the physico-chemical behaviour of fluids and chemical reactions; faster analysis and response times that provide better process control and ability through parallel processing to provide high-throughput screening. Few applications of lab-on-chip devices will be discussed in the process.

This course provides an in-depth introduction to bioinformatics, focusing on the integration of computational tools and biological data to address complex research challenges. Through a combination of theoretical concepts and hands-on practice, students explore key areas of bioinformatics using real-world datasets and examples. The course is designed to provide a unified, tripartite foundation in three core domains: (1) Biological Data, including the generation, structure, and storage of modern biological data such as sequences, structures, and omics datasets; (2) Computational Algorithms, covering the fundamental algorithms and probabilistic models that underpin bioinformatics analyses; and (3) Statistical Reasoning, emphasizing statistical thinking, data analysis, and the development of reproducible workflows. This integrated approach aims to cultivate "T-shaped" researchers who possess both a broad understanding of the bioinformatics landscape and the deep, transferable technical skills required to analyze, interpret, and derive meaningful insights from complex biological data.

This course delves into the mechanical and atomic attributes of implant materials—metallic, ceramic, and polymeric, embracing corrosion, degradation, and failure aspects. Topics span phase diagrams, forming techniques, ductility, brittleness, resilience, and toughness concepts. It introduces materials' roles in inflammation, wound healing, fracture healing, and blood coagulation, emphasizing biocompatibility in orthopaedic and cardiovascular contexts. Students explore crystalline and non-crystalline structures, structure determination methods, nanoscale materials, size-dependent properties' implications, and material chemistry. As an introduction to material science, this course equips students with insights into materials suited for biomedical applications and devices, encompassing both theoretical foundations and real-world relevance.

The course delves into the intricate study of biological systems and their interconnectedness. Students explore how molecular components within living organisms interact to form complex networks, allowing a comprehensive understanding of biological processes. The curriculum covers various computational and analytical tools used to model and analyze these intricate systems. Topics include signalling pathways, gene regulatory networks, and the integration of omics data. Through practical applications, students gain insights into the dynamics of cellular processes and the emergent properties of biological systems. This course equips learners with the skills to unravel the complexities of living organisms at the molecular and systems levels.

Stochastic Modeling in Biology provides BSE major students with an introduction to mathematical modeling in biology, with a strong emphasis on statistical analysis. In modern biology, theoretical modeling has become an essential tool for understanding complex biological phenomena, enabling researchers to formulate assumptions, generate forecasts, test predictions, and evaluate the effectiveness of biological models. By integrating mathematical and statistical approaches, the course highlights how quantitative methods can be used to investigate and explain biological systems across multiple scales.

Throughout the course, students explore a wide range of applications of stochastic modeling, from cellular processes to population dynamics. Through hands-on activities and the analysis of real-world datasets, students develop strong analytical and problem-solving skills while gaining a deeper appreciation for the complexity and variability inherent in biological systems. The course equips students to interpret biological data rigorously, draw informed conclusions, and contribute to innovative research, effectively bridging the gap between theoretical modeling and practical applications in modern biology.

This course explores imaging methods used in biomedicine and clinical diagnostics, covering fundamental principles and applications of microscopy, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT). Students are introduced to digital signal processing, data acquisition methods, image enhancement techniques, and advanced visualization approaches used to improve the quality and interpretation of biomedical images. The curriculum also examines computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) and clinical decision support systems that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms. In addition, the course explores the integration of imaging, genomic, and clinical data to support drug discovery and development, while providing a foundation in imaging informatics and its role in modern healthcare and biomedical research.

This seminar course introduces undergraduate students to emerging and frontier topics in bio-systems through a combination of invited talks by external speakers from academia and industry, and student-led presentations. The course emphasizes exposure to contemporary research directions, critical engagement with life sciences literature, and effective communication of technical ideas.

The science of human physiology attempts to explain the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being. This course outlines the broad scope of human physiology and its central role in explaining the complex mechanisms that allow humans to survive and function as living beings. It further describes how various systems of the body interact and maintain life through processes like nutrient distribution, waste removal, temperature regulation, and the ability to respond to environmental changes.These responses are part of the body's broader system of maintaining homeostasis, or internal stability, even in the face of fluctuating external conditions. The course aims to equip participants with the necessary knowledge to understand these complex physiological processes at a basic level. It will cover various systems of the body, such as the digestive system, renal physiology, endocrinology, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, and special senses by taking a comprehensive approach, addressing both the foundational and specialised areas of human physiology.

The basic Neuroscience course covers the span from physics to psychology, from matter to mind. It starts with the biophysics underlying the activities of nerve cells and then goes into the mechanisms of communication between nerve cells via synapses. It touches upon the implementation of simple logic using neural circuits, and the inspiration behind neural networks in Artificial Intelligence. It then gives a brief overview of neuroanatomy in mammals and compares that with other taxa. This is followed by an exploration of how our senses work and how the brain generates action. Finally, some topics in Neuroethology, illustrating how the nervous systems of various animals have evolved to solve similar problems they face in their natural environments. This includes vision in frogs, sound localization in owls, echolocation in bats, electroreception in fish, vocal communication, learning, decision-making, etc. The course ends with an appreciation of highly intelligent behaviours like tool making and theory of mind in non-human animals.

Nucleic acids and proteins have proven to be extremely useful biomarkers for disease diagnosis, especially early disease detection. PCR-based nucleic acid amplification tests were the gold-standard for confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, which became a household term during the pandemic. 
This course is designed to equip learners with the essential skills required to develop biosensors which enable disease identification by detecting specific nucleic acid sequences and/or proteins. Significant focus will be on discussions for developing point-of-care diagnostics. A non-exhaustive list of techniques discussed in this course includes PCR, isothermal nucleic acid amplification assays, nucleic acid/protein-based lateral flow assays, oligo ligation assays, ELISA, sandwich ELISA, probe-based assays, dipstick assays, and CRISPR-based assays.

Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The complexity of these conditions is often compounded by genetic variation among individuals, resulting in substantial differences in disease presentation, prognosis, and treatment response. Indeed, many currently available therapies are effective in only a subset of patients, highlighting the limitations of the traditional “one disease, one drug” approach. In response, modern medicine is undergoing a paradigm shift toward personalized healthcare and medicine, which seeks to improve patient outcomes through individualized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

This elective course introduces students to the foundational concepts, technologies, and emerging trends that underpin personalized healthcare and medicine. It explores the role of early genetic testing, risk stratification, and preemptive interventions aimed at delaying or preventing disease onset. Students will examine how advances in molecular diagnostics, functional genomics, data analytics, and real-time health monitoring are transforming disease management and enabling more precise, patient-centered care. The course also highlights the potential of personalized medicine to improve outcomes through prevention, early and accurate diagnosis, targeted interventions, and long-term patient support. Through case studies and discussions of national policies and healthcare initiatives, students will gain insight into the implementation of personalized healthcare and medicine across different levels of the healthcare system.

This course provides a comprehensive, project-based exploration of the translational pipeline, from clinical data to therapeutic design. Students will learn and apply computational methods to integrate heterogeneous patient data, infer causal disease mechanisms using network medicine and advanced statistical models, and design novel interventions, including small molecules, gene editing therapies, and cellular immunotherapies. A central theme is the ‘disease-solver' mindset, emphasizing the practical application of these techniques within the ethical and regulatory frameworks that govern modern medicine. The course culminates in a semester-long capstone project where student teams tackle a real-world disease challenge from bench to bedside.

This course focuses specifically on the nuances of venture investing at both early stage and late stages. Students will learn to navigate diverse venture investment scenarios, including seed funding, Series A investments, and pre-IPO rounds. Through practical exercises, case studies, and interactive workshops, participants will develop comprehensive skills in deal evaluation, due diligence, financial analysis, and strategic decision-making tailored for venture capital. This course serves as a continuation of the Entrepreneurial Finance course offered in the fourth semester, building upon foundational financial concepts.

This course begins by examining the civilizational idea of India—its cultural continuity, 
philosophical depth, and longstanding traditions of knowledge-making. Students engage with 
foundational concepts from the Darshanas, the Upanishads, and the epics to understand how 
India historically conceived of ethics, governance, human flourishing, and social harmony. A 
central focus of the course is the Arthashastra, which provides one of the world’s earliest and 
most sophisticated frameworks for statecraft, diplomacy, economic management, and public 
administration. Students study Kautilya’s sophisticated models of statecraft, intelligence, 
economic planning, and innovation, and connect them with contemporary domains such as AI 
governance, cybersecurity, digital infrastructure, data sovereignty, and technological autonomy. 
By placing ancient strategic thinking in dialogue with modern technological challenges, the 
course equips students to envision India’s role in an increasingly competitive global tech 
landscape.
Drawing from both classical thought and contemporary policy frameworks, students engage 
with forward-looking questions around India’s technological future: How can India build human-centric AI grounded in its philosophical traditions? What might a dharma-based framework for 
data governance look like? How can ancient models of education and knowledge transmission 
inspire 21st-century digital learning ecosystems? What forms of strategic autonomy in 
technology are essential for India to emerge as a global leader?

 This course helps students harness emerging technologies to drive business innovation across products and services, processes, and business models. Whether launching a startup or optimizing corporate strategy, students will explore how cutting-edge technologies fuel both sustaining and disruptive innovation, because not all change is revolutionary, but all progress matters. Through hands-on projects, case studies, and spirited discussions, students will learn frameworks to build systems for innovation, measure impact, and create scalable, market-ready solutions.

An interdisciplinary, case-based overview of the strategic and analytical skills essential for consultants in top-tier strategy firms, this course is built around three core pillars: structured thinking and problem-solving, quantitative analysis, and persuasive communication, with emphasis on a hands-on approach to learning. Through case studies from companies such as Netflix, Disney, and Uber, students develop the ability to dissect complex business problems, craft data-driven recommendations, and communicate insights that influence key stakeholders. Students gain a strong foundation in strategic analysis and practical consulting techniques applicable across industries.

Taking a design-centered approach to solving problems and developing technology-driven ideas in entrepreneurial settings, this course introduces core design thinking principles and their application to the creation and implementation of solutions. Tools are provided to navigate each stage of the design thinking process. Through project-based learning and real-world case studies, students gain practical insight into how the methodology fosters innovation and user-centric thinking.

What philosophical debates took place in early modern India, and what did it mean to lead a philosophical life at this time? This course explores philosophical arguments, changing concerns, and shared questions among philosophers active in India from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, reading them in their own words (in English translation). With major intellectual centers ranging from Banaras to Thanjavur, this period stands as an exceptionally rich time of philosophical writing.

Arguments are examined in areas including metaphysics, ontology, emotions, linguistics, reality, and existence, drawing on philosophers associated with Vedanta, Mimamsa (Vedic Hermeneutics), Jainism, Logic (Nyaya and Mantiq), and Linguistics, situated within their historical context.

This flagship course is where ideas meet execution. The Entrepreneurial Challenge Lab immerses students in the real-world experience of building a startup from idea to impact. Working in teams, students engage in customer discovery, prototype testing, market validation, and business model development. With a strong emphasis on learning by doing, the course goes beyond theory to develop the mindset and behaviours of successful entrepreneurs. Starting with an idea or opportunity space, students spend the semester refining it through feedback, mentorship, and real-world engagement, leaving not only with a venture concept but with practical tools to turn problems into scalable solutions.

The course equips aspiring startup founders with the financial acumen needed to build, scale, and sustain high-growth ventures. Through six focused modules, students will develop a strong foundation in financial statement analysis, cap table management, venture capital fundraising, valuation techniques, financial ratio interpretation, and unit economics.

Blending theory with hands-on application, the course includes practical exercises such as dissecting income statements, constructing cap tables, and modeling CAC vs. LTV. Students will learn how to effectively apply key financial concepts to strategic decision-making and communicate with investors in entrepreneurial contexts.

Leadership is essential for anyone navigating technology-driven careers, whether launching a startup, managing a team, or driving innovation. This intensive bootcamp, led by instructors from UC Berkeley's Sutardja Center, prepares students to lead in high-stakes, fast-paced environments. Through interactive exercises and real-time simulations, students explore leadership styles, group dynamics, crisis response, and decision-making under pressure, reflecting on their leadership identity and building practical tools for self-awareness, influence, and leading through disruption.

This interdisciplinary course examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the way we work, innovate, and build careers. Through guest sessions with entrepreneurs, thought leaders, and industry experts, students will explore the opportunities and challenges of AI across areas such as the future of work, ethical AI, the creator economy, and sustainable entrepreneurship. Designed to spark curiosity and entrepreneurial thinking, the course encourages students to reimagine businesses and careers that are resilient, ethical, and impact driven. Whether launching a startup or joining an AI-powered enterprise, students will gain strategic insights to navigate and thrive in the AI era.

We call the earth our home, but do we ever really turn to ‘face’ it? This course explores questions around what the earth is, our relation to the earth, and how earth has been discussed in philosophy, history, and science. The goal of the course is an interdisciplinary investigation into the earth and closely associated concepts such as planet, world, and globe. Exploring earth in an interdisciplinary manner constitutes planetary humanities: a field that studies connections between humans and planet earth. The course engages with diverse areas such as phenomenology, ontology, astronomy, philology, Earth System Science, and the Gaia hypothesis. The course encourages students to think creatively about the earth and emphasizes understanding how the earth has been conceptualized in philosophy, history, and science before and after the Copernican revolution.

Building on the problem framing and viability assessments from the previous semesters, this course transitions students from ideation to execution. Students move beyond evaluating solutions and begin developing functional prototypes that address their identified grand challenges. The course introduces structured methodologies for iterative design, rapid prototyping, and user testing, equipping students with the tools to translate concepts into tangible, testable artefacts. Students engage closely with end users and communities to gather feedback and refine their prototypes through multiple cycles of iteration. Emphasis is placed on technical rigour, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the ability to communicate design decisions to both technical and non-technical audiences. The semester culminates in a prototype demonstration where teams present their solution, the design journey, and key learnings from user feedback.

Building on the iterative prototyping work of ILGC 4, this course guides students through the critical transition from a working prototype to a solution that is viable, scalable, and ready for real-world deployment. Students stress-test their solutions against the complexities of actual implementation, accounting for resource constraints, stakeholder ecosystems, regulatory considerations, and long-term sustainability. Implementation roadmaps are developed alongside pathways for scale, including social enterprise models, policy engagement, and technology transfer, with collaboration encouraged with external partners, NGOs, industry stakeholders, or government bodies where relevant. The course also introduces frameworks for measuring social impact, enabling students to articulate the tangible outcomes and broader significance of their work.

The final course in the ILGC series brings the student's four-year grand challenge journey to a close. This semester is centred on reflection, communication, and impact. Students will consolidate their project work into a comprehensive showcase: - documenting the full arc of their journey from initial observation to implemented or deployable solution, and articulating the social, technical, and personal dimensions of their learning. Beyond project completion, students are encouraged to reflect critically on what worked, what did not, and what they would do differently - developing the habit of structured retrospection that defines thoughtful engineering practice. The course also situates students' individual projects within the broader landscape of the SDGs and global grand challenges, helping them understand the systemic context of the problems they have engaged with. The semester culminates in a public exhibition where students present their work to faculty, peers, and external stakeholders, marking the completion of their ILGC journey.

Professional Communication equips students with critical communication competencies, enabling them to present themselves professionally to diverse audiences, including industry recruiters and higher education admission committees for BTech engineering students. Four key areas are covered: building a professional portfolio, delivering impactful technical presentations, mastering interview strategies, and developing networking skills. These competencies enable students to communicate with clarity, confidence, and impact across academic and professional contexts. The course complements Plaksha's engineering curriculum, preparing students for successful engagement with both industry and academia.

The Research Communication course introduces undergraduate engineering students to the foundational skills, methods, and processes of academic research writing. Students learn to abstract research themes from real-world problems, identify themes within research literature, conduct a critical literature review, identify research gaps and articulate research questions, and formulate hypotheses supported by evidence. The course culminates in a full-length research review manuscript that conforms to academic norms and engineering writing standards.

Why do stories fascinate, and how do they shape personal and cultural identity? Questions of kinship, power, gender, locality, and the relationship between past and present are formulated and expressed differently across narrative genres, carrying social, political, religious, historical, and personal themes. This course examines a variety of narrative forms in India, oral and written, traditional and modern, including regional folk tales, sung and performed oral epics, songs sung by women about women, ancient myths, medieval historical legends, contemporary biographies, feature films, and modern prose and verse.

Theories of orality and literacy, spoken word and visual image, ritual, theatre, and performance deepen this exploration, building toward an understanding of how culture, society, and history are constructed, enacted, and represented through narrative in India and beyond.

Understanding the customer is the starting point, but product market fit is the breakthrough. This course demystifies what product market fit means and why it is essential for any venture, helping students define the right problem, identify the right customer, and design business models that deliver real value. Through case studies, founder sessions, and workshops, students learn to turn ideas into solutions customers care about, building the mindset and tools to move forward with clarity, confidence and traction.

Equipping undergraduate engineering students with the ability to explain science and technology clearly, accurately, and meaningfully to stakeholders outside their field, this course addresses a growing need: engineers today are expected not only to build solutions but also to communicate their ideas to policymakers, industry leaders, investors, communities, and everyday users. Technology achieves lasting impact only when society understands and trusts it, making science communication essential for every engineer.

Students learn the principles and practice of communicating scientific and technical concepts to public audiences, developing skills to simplify, narrate, and adapt complex information into engaging, scientifically accurate content. Unlike traditional academic writing, the course emphasises creativity, storytelling, structure, and clarity.

Frameworks and tools for understanding pressing societal problems and challenges anchor this course, along with how these challenges can be addressed through entrepreneurial ventures that often leverage technology to create impact at scale. Causes that affect society at large, such as education, health, agriculture, and climate, are unique in their complexity and need to be approached, analyzed, and tackled differently than conventional venture-building spaces. Students examine how social ventures are built, and why they succeed in creating impact at scale or not.

Through examples and case studies, students learn to deeply understand a social problem, identify the broader systemic drivers behind it, incorporate field and market research and stakeholder mapping into potential solutions, and develop and test pilots and methods for assessing both quantifiable and non-quantifiable outcomes.

Designed for students who have completed the Entrepreneurial Challenge Lab and are ready to turn validated concepts into scalable ventures, this course translates entrepreneurial theory into actionable strategies, covering refining value propositions, go-to-market planning, financial modeling, valuation and funding pathways. A distinctive feature is hands-on learning with successful startup founders, who lead sessions on topics including growth hacking, leveraging technology for scale, and building compelling pitch decks. These insights are reinforced through workshops, practical exercises and investor pitch sessions.

Rising incomes coupled with rapid advances in agricultural and food technologies have driven dramatic improvements in food production and global food and nutrition security over the past six decades. Growing concerns persist, however, over the sustainability of the global food system, driven by depletion of natural resources, deterioration of ecological systems, extreme weather events, and an epidemic of chronic diseases. More than 700 million people suffer from hunger, and approximately 2 billion are deficient in one or more micronutrients. Between 1 and 2 billion people suffer from water scarcity or lack access to safe drinking water. Meanwhile, the world remains largely dependent on fossil fuels as its predominant energy source, generating greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change. The US, China, and India account for more than 40% of the world's population and collectively consume approximately 50% of global food, energy, water, and natural resources. As the largest developed and developing countries, respectively, these three nations have substantial and sustained impacts on the ability of the rest of the world to address existing and emerging challenges in the global food, energy, and water nexus. They share many common interests while facing distinct differences and challenges in meeting their needs for food, energy, water, and economic development. This interdisciplinary course is offered by Cornell University, with joint efforts from two leading agricultural universities in China (China Agriculture University and Nanjing Agricultural University) and the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), a premier institution offering undergraduate and graduate degrees in social sciences in India. The University of Arkansas joined the collaboration in Fall 2020, Hefei University of Technology (Hefei, China) joined in Fall 2022, and the University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez joined in 2023. Plaksha University in India joined the collaboration this year.

This course focuses specifically on the nuances of venture investing at both early-stage and late-stage. Students will learn to navigate diverse venture investment scenarios, including seed funding, Series A investments, and pre-IPO rounds. Through practical exercises, case studies, and interactive workshops, participants will develop comprehensive skills in deal evaluation, due diligence, financial analysis, and strategic decision-making tailored for venture capital. This course serves as a continuation of the Entrepreneurial Finance course offered in the fourth semester, building upon foundational financial concepts.